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What exactly does Charisma do? Every guide and thread talks about charisma, but it seems rather difficult to find an actual explanation on what it specifically effects.
In general Charisma helps with debuffing a monster. The more charismatic you are, the less they can resist you :)! You can also get +singing skill, +wind skill and +string skill pieces of gear which will also help (depending on the type of instrument you are using). A good rule of tumb is to have enough +CHR gear to give you a total CHR equal to half your singing skill. Once you get that, look for +mp gear or +skill gear.
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How many simultaneous debuff songs can a bard have on an enemy at one time?
At any time you can have Requiem, Elegy and Threnody on the monster. You can't stack these songs, i.e. if you cast Battlefield Elegy on the monster and then cast Carnage Elegy on it, Carnage overwrites Battlefield. You can also Finale a monster at anytime and that doesn't could as a status effect debuff.
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How useful are the threnody songs anyway? Do they make a noticeable difference in damage, or are they just yet more somewhat-useless fluff spells? Can you have more than one threnody placed on an enemy?
Threnodies are AWESOME for skill chains and magic bursts. Find out from your party what the element of the skill chain is and what the BLM is going to burst. Tossing the correct Threnody on before the skill chain will help the skill chain damage and lower the monster's resist to the burst.
You can also use them to lower the monster's resistace to the element of a particularly important spell. I was in a mission fight where we HAD to silence one of the monsters, and the RDM was having resist problems => Wind Threnody => (~.^)b. I have also used Earth Threnody when I was having troubles landing Elegy.
You can only have one Threnody on the Monster at one time.
Play with them, they are versaitile spells and an excellent way to skill up :D.
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Is there ever any reason to sing rather than use string/wind instruments?
99.99% of the time no. You will want to use the +1 instruments that give bonuses to the songs you are singing (check out the stickies at the top of the forum for more info about instruments). I have unequipped my instrument to make my songs AoE smaller, and I have run around /BRD, but those are the only times I've gone instrumentless.
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Are there any common situations to play Minne and/or Mambo in battle? Or should they just always be ignored for Minuet/Madrigal/March/etc?
For the most part I only use Minne and Mambo for "special" fights.
Mambo has a place in parties with a NIN tank against monk type mobs (think mandragora). If they are loosing shadows faster than they can cast them and subsequently the WHM (or RDM or SMN) is pumping out the mp, slap a mambo and march on them.
Minne is less useful in party situations, but you could sing it if you have a PLD tank who is taking a beating. Though in general they are going to want ballad over Minne.
Once you start getting into faster parties you have to think about what will help your party get the most xp fastest. In general that boils down to killing monsters as fast as possible => Minuet x 2, Minuet + March, and good old Minuet + Madrigal. Check with your melee before using Madrigal. If they are all using sushi, try stacked Minuets or Minuet and March.
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How fast exactly do the March songs haste attacks? Is it ever worth it to play March over Minuet or Madrigal? And if so, when is the best time?
Here is an awesome thread on March speed (go Vilurum, go!):
http://ffxi.allakhazam.com/db/jobs.html?fjob=9;mid=11509283609791970;num=41;page=1 As I said above check with your melee. If they aren't having issues hitting, change things up a little. If they are all dual weilding, March is a good time. If you have a lot of 2 handed weapon users check with them. March is fun, but double Minuet can have awesome results with those big damage weapons. Also, March is best once you get the second tier. In general play with it :).
Edited: for typo.
Edited, Aug 22nd 2006 at 12:39pm EDT by Pixistix